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Fundamentals of Microwave Photonics |  |
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Fundamentals of Microwave Photonics | |
A comprehensive resource to designing and constructing analog photonic links capable of high RF performance
Fundamentals of Microwave Photonics provides a comprehensive description of analog optical links from basic principles to applications. The book is organized into four parts. The first begins with a historical perspective of microwave photonics, listing the advantages of fiber optic links and delineating analog vs. digital links. The second section covers basic principles associated with microwave photonics in both the RF and optical domains. The third focuses on analog modulation formats—starting with a concept, deriving the RF performance metrics from basic physical models, and then analyzing issues specific to each format. The final part examines applications of microwave photonics, including analog receive-mode systems, high-power photodiodes applications, radio astronomy, and arbitrary waveform generation.
The authors have more than 55 years of combined professional experience in microwave photonics and have published more than 250 associated works.
Vincent J. Urick Jr., PhD, joined the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in 2001, where he heads the Applied RF Photonics Section.
Jason D. McKinney, PhD, has been with NRL as a senior electrical engineer in the Applied Microwave Photonics Section since 2006. Prior to joining NRL, he conducted research in the field on staff at Purdue University starting in 2001.
Keith J. Williams, PhD, started at NRL in 1987, where he heads the Photonics Technology Branch.
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 introduction 1
1.1 Enabling Technological Advances and Benefits of Fiber Optic Links 6
1.2 Analog Versus Digital Fiber Optic Links 13
1.3 Basic Fiber Optic Components 18
1.4 Analog LinksWithin RF Systems 27
References 28
2 Analog Performance Metrics 33
2.1 The Scattering Matrix 34
2.2 Noise Figure 36
2.3 Dynamic Range 39
2.3.1 Compression Dynamic Range 39
2.3.2 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range 43
2.4 Cascade Analysis 52
References 54
3 Sources of Noise in Fiber Optic Links 57
3.1 Basic Concepts 58
3.2 Thermal Noise 62
3.3 Shot Noise 69
3.4 Lasers 74
3.5 Optical Amplifiers 93
3.5.1 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 94
3.5.2 Raman and Brillouin Fiber Amplifiers 108
3.5.3 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 112
3.6 Photodetection 113
References 117
4 Distortion in Fiber Optic Links 124
4.1 Introduction 124
4.2 Distortion in Electrical-to-Optical Conversion 130
4.3 Optical Amplifier Distortion 134
4.4 Photodetector Distortion 138
4.4.1 Photodetector Distortion Measurement Systems 141
4.4.2 Photodetector Nonlinear Mechanisms 144
References 161
5 Propagation Effects 166
5.1 Introduction 166
5.2 Double Rayleigh Scattering 168
5.3 RF Phase in Fiber Optic Links 170
5.4 Chromatic Dispersion 173
5.5 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 184
5.6 Stimulated Raman Scattering 190
5.7 Cross-Phase Modulation 193
5.8 Four-Wave Mixing 198
5.9 Polarization Effects 200
References 205
6 External Intensity Modulation with Direct Detection 212
6.1 Concept and Link Architectures 213
6.2 Signal Transfer and Gain 216
6.3 Noise and Performance Metrics 233
6.3.1 General Equations 234
6.3.2 Shot-Noise-Limited Equations 242
6.3.3 RIN-Limited Equations 247
6.3.4 Trade Space Analysis 250
6.4 Photodetector Issues and Solutions 251
6.5 Linearization Techniques 260
6.6 Propagation Effects 264
References 270
7 External Phase Modulation with Interferometric Detection 273
7.1 Introduction 273
7.2 Signal Transfer and Gain 275
7.3 Noise and Performance Metrics 287
7.4 Linearization Techniques 295
7.5 Propagation Effects 299
7.6 Other Techniques for Optical Phase Demodulation 304
References 308
8 Other Analog Optical Modulation Methods 312
8.1 Direct Laser Modulation 313
8.1.1 Direct Intensity Modulation 314
8.1.2 Direct Frequency Modulation 319
8.2 Suppressed Carrier Modulation with a Low Biased MZM 321
8.3 Single-Sideband Modulation 328
8.4 Sampled Analog Optical Links 330
8.4.1 RF Downconversion Via Sampled Analog
Optical Links 333
8.4.2 Mitigation of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering with Sampled Links 336
8.5 Polarization Modulation 340
References 344
9 High Current Photodetectors 351
9.1 Photodetector Compression 352
9.2 Effects Due to Finite Series Resistance 355
9.3 Thermal Limitations 359
9.4 Space-Charge Effects 365
9.5 Photodetector Power Conversion Efficiency 370
9.6 State of the Art for Power Photodetectors 376
References 378
10 Applications and Trends 383
10.1 Point-to-Point Links 384
10.2 Analog Fiber Optic Delay Lines 393
10.3 Photonic-Based RF Signal Processing 398
10.3.1 Wideband Channelization 399
10.3.2 Instantaneous Frequency Measurement 401
10.3.3 Downconversion 404
10.3.4 Phased-Array Beamforming 405
10.4 Photonic Methods for RF Signal Generation 407
10.5 Millimeter-Wave Photonics 415
10.6 Integrated Microwave Photonics 419
References 427
Appendix I Units and Physical Constants 446
Appendix II Electromagnetic Radiation 450
Appendix III Power, Voltage and Current for a Sinusoid 453
Appendix IV Trigonometric Functions 455
Appendix V Fourier Transforms 458
Appendix VI Bessel Functions 460
Index 463
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