hibernate3.2 (十)HQL查询
hibernate 语言查询(hibernate query language)HQL;
HQL用面向对象的方式生成SQL
1. 以类和属性来代替表和数据列;
2. 支持多台;
3. 支持各种关联;
4.HQL支持多有的关系型数据库操作。
5.连接、投影、聚合、排序、子查询、SQL函数。
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hql语言中关键字不区分大小写,实体类名和属性名区分大小写;
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1、简单属性查询:
※ 单一属性查询,返回结果集属性列表,元素类型和实体类中相应的属性一致;
※ 多个属性查询,返回的集合元素是Object数组,每个Obect中包含了要查的属性,
??? 我们可以将Objec转为Obejct[]类型按下标取出属性;
※ 如果认为返回数组不够对象化,可以采用hql动态实例化student对象。
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示例:
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/** * 单一属性查询,返回的是 : 属性类型的集合 */public void testQuery1(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();List<String> studentList = session.createQuery("select name from User").list();for(Iterator<String> iter = studentList.iterator();iter.hasNext();){System.out.println(iter.next());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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/** * 多个属性查询方法1,返回的是: Object类型的数组,将数组中的每个元素转换为objec[], *从每个元素转化为的obejct[] 按下标查询取出其中的值 */public void testQuery2(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();List studentList = session.createQuery("select name, createTime from User").list();for(Iterator iter = studentList.iterator();iter.hasNext();){Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();System.out.println(obj[0]+"的创建时间是: " + obj[1]);}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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/** * 多个属性查询方法2,如果认为返回数组不够对象化,可以采用hql动态实例化student对象 * 此时list中为对象属性集合 */public void testQuery3(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();List<User> studentList = session.createQuery("select new User(name, createTime) from User").list();for(Iterator<User> iter = studentList.iterator();iter.hasNext();){System.out.println(iter.next().getName()+"的创建时间是: " + iter.next().getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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/** * 可以使用别用进行查询 */public void testQuery4(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();//User实体类使用了别名u代替 User uList studentList = session.createQuery("select u.name, u.createTime from User u").list();for(Iterator iter = studentList.iterator();iter.hasNext();){Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();System.out.println(obj[0]+"的创建时间是: " + obj[1]);}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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/** * 可以使用别用进行查询 ,关键字 as */public void testQuery5(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();//User实体类使用了别名u代替 User as u 用关键字 asList studentList = session.createQuery("select u.name, u.createTime from User as u").list();for(Iterator iter = studentList.iterator();iter.hasNext();){Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();System.out.println(obj[0]+"的创建时间是: " + obj[1]);}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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2、实体对象查询:
※? 单一对象查询,返回的是 对象的的集合;
※? 可以忽略select ,使用form User;
※? 可以使用别用进行查询? from Usr u;
※? 如果不省略select 查询实体对象,那么必须指定别名select u from User u;
※? 不能使用*通配(例如:select * from...),除了在函数中以外;?
※? 使用query.iterate()?迭代器方法,有可能会出现 N + 1 问题(所谓N+1,指的是在查询中发出了N+1条语句),这
???? 和session缓存(一级缓存有关),如果缓存中有id列表中的数据,那么就直接从缓存中读取;
※? 使用quert.list()方法,不管查多少次,都是直接发sql查找,list会向缓存中放入数据,但不会利用数据,不会从缓存
???? 中找,除非配置了查询缓存;
/** * 使用iterate()迭代器方法查询,出现N+1问题, * 1: Hibernate: select user0_.u_id as col_0_0_ from t_user user0_ * N: Hibernate: select user0_.u_id as u1_0_0_, user0_.u_name as u2_0_0_ where user0_.u_id=? * 该方法是根据第一条语句查到的id集合先从缓存中有没有该id对应的记录,没有就发sql查询。 * 若该方法使用不当,相当损耗性能。 */public void testQuery1(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();Iterator<User> students = session.createQuery("from User").iterate();while(students.hasNext()){System.out.println(students.next().getName());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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public void testQuery2(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();Query query = session.createQuery("from User");System.out.println("--------------mark1-------------");List sutdentsList = query.list();//一级缓存session 中这时候已经有了user的列表Iterator<User> iter = sutdentsList.iterator();while(iter.hasNext()){System.out.println(iter.next().getName());}System.out.println("---------------mark2-------------");//不会出现N+1问题,因为list操作已经将对象放入了session缓存中(一级缓存),//所以再次使用iterate操作的时候,它首先发出一条查询id列表的sql,//再根据id从缓存中取数据,只有在缓存中找不到相应的数据时,才会发出sql//到数据库中查询Iterator<User> students = query.iterate();while(students.hasNext()){System.out.println(students.next().getName());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
?打印输出:
--------------mark1-------------
Hibernate: select user0_.u_id as u1_0_, user0_.u_name as u2_0_, user0_.createTime as createTime0_, user0_.g_id as g4_0_ from t_user user0_
班级1的学生1
班级1的学生2
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---------------mark2-------------
Hibernate: select user0_.u_id as col_0_0_ from t_user user0_
班级1的学生1
班级1的学生2
.....
从打印信息还可以看出,query也是存在lazy策略的。
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3、条件查询:
※? 可以采用拼字符串的方法传递参数;
※? 可以采用 ? 来传递参数(索引从0开始);
※? 可以采用:参数名 来传递参数;
※? 如果传递多个参数,可以采用setparametersList方法;
※? 在hql中可以使用数据库的函数,如:date_format ,但这样会降低可移植性,不推荐用;
/** * 字符串拼接模糊查询 like */public void testQuery3(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();Query query = session.createQuery("select new User(u.name, u.createTime) from User as u where u.name like '%1%'");Iterator<User> students = query.iterate();while(students.hasNext()){System.out.println(students.next().getName() +"的创建时间:" + students.next().getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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/** * like 查询 ?占位符 */public void testQuery4(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();Query query = session.createQuery("select new User(u.name, u.createTime) from User as u where u.name like ?");query.setParameter(0, "%1%");Iterator<User> students = query.iterate();while(students.hasNext()){System.out.println(students.next().getName() +"的创建时间:" + students.next().getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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/** * 知道query是基于方法链,返回自身类型 */public void testQuery5(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();//Hibernate的 hql支持基于方法链的编程,即query下的所有子方法都返回了自身,//所以testQuery4()这部分可以写成下面这样:Query query = session.createQuery("select new User(u.name, u.createTime) from User as u where u.name like ?") .setParameter(0, "%1%");Iterator<User> students = query.iterate();while(students.hasNext()){System.out.println(students.next().getName() +"的创建时间:" + students.next().getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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public void testQuery6(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();//使用:参数名称的方式传递参数值,注意 ":"和参数值之间不能有空格List stdentsList = session.createQuery("select new User(u.id, u.name, u.createTime) from User as u where u.name like :myhql") .setParameter("myhql","%1%") .list();for(Iterator<User> students = stdentsList.iterator();students.hasNext();){System.out.println(students.next().getId() +" "+ students.next().getName() +"的创建时间:" + students.next().getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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public void testQuery7(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();//Hibernate的 hql支持基于方法链的编程,即query下的所有子方法都返回了自身,//所以testQuery4()这部分可以写成下面这样:Query query = session.createQuery("select new User(u.name, u.createTime) " + "from User as u where u.name like :myname and u.id = :myid") .setParameter("myname", "%1%") .setParameter("myid", 1);Iterator<User> students = query.iterate();while(students.hasNext()){User user = students.next();System.out.println(user.getName() +"的创建时间:" + user.getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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/** * 模糊查询, 多个占位符,用 0 ,1 ..标识顺序 */public void testQuery8(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();Query query = session.createQuery("select new User(u.name, u.createTime) " + "from User as u where u.name like ? and u.id = ?") .setParameter(0, "%1%") .setParameter(1, 1);Iterator<User> students = query.iterate();while(students.hasNext()){User user = students.next();System.out.println(user.getName() +"的创建时间:" + user.getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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public void testQuery9(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();//支持in,需要使用setParameterList进行参数传递List stdentsList = session.createQuery("select new User(u.id, u.name, u.createTime) " +"from User as u where u.id in (:myids)") .setParameterList("myids", new Object[]{1,2,3,4,5}) .list();for(Iterator<User> students = stdentsList.iterator();students.hasNext();){User user = students.next();System.out.println(user.getId() +" "+ user.getName() +"的创建时间:" + user.getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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/** * hql支持数据库函数 */public void testQuery10(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();//查询2011年3月创建的学生List stdentsList = session.createQuery("select new User(u.id, u.name, u.createTime) " +"from User as u where date_format(u.createTime,'%Y-%m') = ?") .setParameter(0, "2011-03") .list();for(Iterator<User> students = stdentsList.iterator();students.hasNext();){User user = students.next();System.out.println(user.getId() +" "+ user.getName() +"的创建时间:" + user.getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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public void testQuery11(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");//查询2009-03-10到2010-05-30创建的学生List stdentsList = session.createQuery("select new User(u.id, u.name, u.createTime) " +"from User as u where u.createTime between ? and ?") .setParameter(0, sdf.parse("2009-03-10 00:00:00")) .setParameter(1, sdf.parse("2009-03-10 23:59:59")) .list();for(Iterator<User> students = stdentsList.iterator();students.hasNext();){User user = students.next();System.out.println(user.getId() +" "+ user.getName() +"的创建时间:" + user.getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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4、hibernate也支持直接使用sql进行查询:
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public void testQuery(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();List studentList = session.createSQLQuery("select * from t_user").list();for(Iterator iter = studentList.iterator();iter.hasNext();){Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();System.out.println(obj[1]+"的创建时间是: " + obj[2]);}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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5、外置命名查询:将hql语句放在一个配置文件(放在映射文件中),所有的方法都要调用该配置文件的hql进行查询。
<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN""http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"><hibernate-mapping><class name="com.wyx.hibernate.User" table="t_user"><id name="id" column="u_id"><generator column="u_name" not-null="true" length="30"/><property name="createTime"/><many-to-one name="group" column="g_id" cascade="all"/></class><query name="searchUsers"><![CDATA[SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ?]]></query></hibernate-mapping>
??用到了<![CDATA[?? ]]>标签,这样特殊字符就不需要转义了。<query>写在任何映射文件中都能找得到。
public void testQuery1(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();List studentList = session.getNamedQuery("searchUsers") .setParameter(0, 1) .list();for(Iterator iter = studentList.iterator();iter.hasNext();){User user =(User)iter.next();System.out.println(user.getName()+"的创建时间是: " + user.getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
?? 使用?session.getNamedQuery(String qureyString)调用。
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6、查询过滤器:
※? 在类的映射文件中定义过滤参数,过滤器的名字在工程中式唯一的;
※? 在类的映射中使用这些参数;
※? 在程序中启用过滤器;
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<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN""http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"><hibernate-mapping><class name="com.wyx.hibernate.User" table="t_user"><id name="id" column="u_id"><generator column="u_name" not-null="true" length="30"/><property name="createTime"/><many-to-one name="group" column="g_id" cascade="all"/><!-- condition指过滤条件,特殊符号要转义,id < :myid --><filter name="filtertest" condition="u_id < :myid"/></class><query name="searchUsers"><![CDATA[SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ?]]></query><filter-def name="filtertest"><filter-param name="myid" type="integer"/></filter-def></hibernate-mapping>
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/** * 测试查询过滤器 */public void testQuery2(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();//启用过滤器 , 将过滤器的参数设置好session.enableFilter("filtertest").setParameter("myid", 10);//查询 id < 10 的全部userList studentList = session.createQuery("from User").list();for(Iterator iter = studentList.iterator();iter.hasNext();){User user =(User)iter.next();System.out.println(user.getName()+"的创建时间是: " + user.getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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打印:
Hibernate: select user0_.u_id as u1_0_, user0_.u_name as u2_0_, user0_.createTime as createTime0_, user0_.g_id as g4_0_ from t_user user0_ where user0_.u_id < ?
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这里有个疑问:hbm.xml中 condition 的值 u_id 是数据库的字段,我用实体的实行id表示会出错,理论上应该都是用hql表达的,我只要用id标识运行测试方法就会发:
Hibernate: select user0_.u_id as u1_0_, user0_.u_name as u2_0_, user0_.createTime as createTime0_, user0_.g_id as g4_0_ from t_user user0_ where user0_.id < ?
where条件明显不对,希望高手帮我解释一下,小弟不胜感激。
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7、分页查询:hibernate的分页查询操作比较简单,并且有比较高的可移植性。
※? setFirstResult(),从0开始;
※? setMaxResults(),每页显示多少条数据;
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public void testQuery2(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();List studentList = session.createQuery("from User").setFirstResult(0)//设置从哪个元素开始,下标从0开始.setMaxResults(5)//设置每页显示几个元素.list();for(Iterator iter = studentList.iterator();iter.hasNext();){User user =(User)iter.next();System.out.println(user.getName()+"的创建时间是: " + user.getCreateTime());}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
??打印输出sql:
Hibernate: select user0_.u_id as u1_0_, user0_.u_name as u2_0_, user0_.createTime as createTime0_, user0_.g_id as g4_0_ from t_user user0_ limit ?
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8、对象导航查询:在hql中采用 " .?"进行导航。
public void testQuery1(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();List object = session.createQuery("select u.name from User u " +"where u.group.name like ?").setParameter(0, "%1%") .list();for(Iterator iter = object.iterator();iter.hasNext();){String name =(String)iter.next();System.out.println(name);}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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?9、连接查询:
※?? 内联
※?? 外连(左连 / 右连)
/** * 内连接查 */public void testQuery(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();//默认就是内连接,所以关键字inner可以省略//List studentList = session.createQuery("select u.name, g.name from User u join u.group g").list();List studentList = session.createQuery("select u.name, g.name from User u inner join u.group g").list();for(Iterator iter = studentList.iterator();iter.hasNext();){Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();System.out.println(obj[0]+ " " + obj[1]);}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
?左外连接:
List studentList = session.createQuery("select u.name, g.name from User u left join u.group g").list();
?右外连接:
List studentList = session.createQuery("select u.name, g.name from User u right join u.group g").list();
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10、统计查询:
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统计总数:
public void testQueryCount(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();List students = session.createQuery("select count(*) from User").list();Long count =(Long)students.get(0);System.out.println(count);session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
?注:如果返回值是单一的,可以采用另一种更好的方式:query.uniqueResult()
public void testQueryCount1(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();Long count = (Long)session.createQuery("select count(*) from User").uniqueResult();System.out.println(count);session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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public void testQuery1(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();List students = session.createQuery("select g.name, count(u) from Group g join g.users u group by g.name order by g.id").list();for(Iterator iter = students.iterator();iter.hasNext();){Object[] obj =(Object[])iter.next();System.out.println(obj[0] +" ," +obj[1]);}session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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?11、DML风格的操作(尽量少用,因为和缓存不同步,会直接更新数据库,缓存中的数据不做处理,可能会产生脏数据)
/** * DML批量更新演示 * */public void testQuery2(){Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();try {session.beginTransaction();session.createQuery("update User u set u.name =? where u.id <= ?").setParameter(0, "张三").setParameter(1, 10).executeUpdate();session.getTransaction().commit();} catch (HibernateException e) {e.printStackTrace();session.getTransaction().rollback();}finally{HibernateUtils.closeSession(session);}}
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