(二)名词和主谓一致
I.名词的分类及相互转换
专有名词 | 普通名词 | |||
国名地名人名， 团体机构名称 | 可数名词 | 不可数名词 | ||
个体名词 | 集体名词 | 抽象名词 | 物质名词 | |
特别注意名词类别的相互转换
个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换
例 句 | 意 义 | 名词性质 |
①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower | 花儿 | 个体名词 |
开花 | 抽象名词 | |
①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty | 青春 | 抽象名词 |
年轻人 | 个体名词 | |
①They have achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party? —I should say it was a success. | 成功 | 抽象名词 |
成功的事 | 个体名词 |
物质名词与个体名词的相互转换
例 句 | 意 义 | 名词性质 |
①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. | 铁 | 物质名词 |
熨斗 | 个体名词 | |
①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass. | 玻璃 | 物质名词 |
玻璃杯 | 个体名词 | |
①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken | 小鸡 | 个体名词 |
鸡肉 | 物质名词 |
抽象名词与个体名词的转换
具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作 | ①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try |
表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分 | ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times |
抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 | ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ②She looked up when I shouted. A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual |
II.名词的数
1.规则变化
①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy — boys, pen — pens。
②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。
glass — glasses(box, watch, brush)
特例：stomach — stomachs
③以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：
baby—babies lady —ladies
注意：penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同：pence(便士的钱数)，pennies(便士的枚数)
④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。
tomato — tomatoes, potato — potatoes, hero — heroes。
下列名词的复数只加-s。
radios,zoos,photos,pianos,kilos,tobaccos
⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。
wife—wives self — selves
特例：handkerchief—handkerchiefs(roof /chief )
gulf—gulfs
belief—beliefs
注意：
①有些名词的复数有其特殊的意义：
papers报纸，文件考卷 manners礼貌、习俗 goods货物 works工厂、作品、著作
looks容貌,外表 glasses眼镜，杯子 greens青菜 times时代，次数、倍数
sands沙滩，沙地 irons脚镣，手铐,熨斗 spirits酒精，情绪 customs海关
letters文学 forces军队 riches财富 wishes祝愿
airs气派，架子,姿态 arms军火 damages赔偿金 compasses圆规
waters水域 woods树林 goods货物 manners礼貌
greens青菜 ruins废墟
give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯 have words with sb. 同某人吵架
②物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。
some coffee一些咖啡 a coffee一杯咖啡 three coffees三杯咖啡
some drink一些饮料 a drink一杯饮料 three drinks三杯饮料
his hair他的头发 a few grey hairs几根白发
③用定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示其全家人，或是其夫妇二人。姓氏复数前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓……的人
The Wangs are our good neighbors.王家是我们的好邻居
There are three Smiths in our group.我们小组有三个姓smith的。
2.不规则变化
①改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
特例：child-children
②单复数相同
sheep, deer, means, works
③合成名词
▲将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
▲无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
▲将两部分都变为复数
women singers, men servants
