三月最新英语六级语法讲解大全(7)
分词
1. 构成与形式
分词有两种形式，即现在分词(present participle)和过去分词(past participle)。除不规则动词外，现在分词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成;过去分词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。两者的区别主要是：现在分词表示主动意义，或正在进行的动作;过去分词表示被动意义，或已经完成了的动作。如：
burning forest 燃烧着的森林(主动，即森林自己在燃烧)
burned skin 烧伤了的皮肤(被动，即皮肤被火烧伤)
developing countries 发展中国家(正在进行，这个国家正在发展)
developed countries 发达国家(完成，这些国家已经得到了发展)
现在分词的形式有：
主动形式被动形式
一般式doingbeing done
完成式having donehaving been done
过去分词因为本身就表示被动与完成的意义，所以只有一种形式done。
2. 用法
分词主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作定语、表语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。
1)作定语
Tell the boy playing there not to make so much noise.
We can only see the part of the moon lighted by the sunlight.
2)作表语
The story of his life sounds interesting.
He appeared satisfied with our performance.
3) 作状语
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Given better attention, the trees could grow better.
4) 作主语补足语
The machine will be kept running for two days.
Our views have to be made known to them all.
5) 作宾语补足语
I heard someone knocking at the door.
You should keep her informed of what is going on here.
比较：see, feel, hear, watch, notice等动词后既可接不带to的不定式也可以接现在分词作宾语补足语，但二者在意义上是不同的。现在分词表示动作正在进行，即非全过程;不定式表示动作的完成，即全过程。如：
She saw the man getting on the truck.(正在往车上爬)
She saw the man get on the truck and drive off.(已经爬上了车)
3. 现在分词的时态与语态
1)完成式
Having done his homework, the boy began to watch TV.
Not having met him, I can’t tell you what he is like.
2) 被动式
The house being built is a big project.
3) 完成被动式
Having been given such a good chance, how could she give it up?
Having been told that some guests were coming, she shopped all morning in that supermarket.
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