第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
Dung to Death
Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics (抗生素) given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed (喷射) onto fields as fertilizers (肥料), could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”.
The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. ______(46)
Some 20, 000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. ______(47)
Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf.______(48)
With millions of tons of animals manure (施肥于) spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance, he said. The drugs contaminate (污染) the crops, which are then eaten. ______(49)
Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. _______ (50) His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously.
There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage (用污水灌溉) treatment.
A. They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water.
B. And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says.
C. Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid.
D. But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard
drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people.
E. His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animals feed.
F. They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.
第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Solar Power without Solar Cells
A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.
The researchers found a way to make an “optical 51 ,” said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.
Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 52 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 53 expected. 54 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.
“This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation,” Rand said. “In solar cells, the 55 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 56 ” What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of “optical rectification,” says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light’s electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 57 of the positive and negative charges in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 58 in a battery.
Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through a 59 that does not 60 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter. Sunlight isn't this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.
“In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 61 in producing charge separation as laser light is,” Fisher said.
This new 62 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 63 solar power to useable energy. That’s equivalent to today’s commercial-grade solar cells.
“To manufacture 64 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing,” Fisher said. “All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 65 . It’s already made in bulk, and it doesn’t require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.”
51. A. microscope B. instrument C. fiber D. battery
52. A. modifications B. effects C. applications D. results
53. A. frequently B. privately C. previously D. formally
54. A. Under B. At C. On D. Over
55. A. light B. electricity C. chemical D. magnetism
56. A. plant B. equipment C. source D. line
57. A. down B. up C. together D. apart
58. A. this B. that C. those D. it
59. A. material B. lens C. meter D. detector
60. A. produce B. convey C. use D. conduct
61.A. remote B. poor C. effective D. rare
62. A. prototype B. skill C. technique D. miracle
63. A. converting B. obtaining C. delivering D. transmitting
64. A. compact B. modern C. durable D. handy
65. A. others B. some C. all D. both
