In recent years, railroads have been combining with each year, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70% of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90% of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, trucking is too costly and the railroads
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel that they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate belief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions m acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, less than half of the carrying cost of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
52. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because ______.
A) cost reduction is based on competition
B) services call for cross-trade coordination
C) outside competitors will continue to exist
D) shippers will have the railway by the throat
53. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the railway industry?
A) Indifferent. B) Supportive.
C) Indignant. D) Worried.
54. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ______.
A) shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad
B) all shippers are served by only one rail company
C) overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief
D) a government board ensures fair play in railway business
55. The word "arbiters" (Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those ______.
A) who work as coordination B) who function as judges
C) who supervises transactions D) who determine the price
56. According to the passage, the rate increase in the rail industry is caused by ______.
A) the continuing acquisition B) the growing traffic
C) the cheering Wall street D) the shrinking market
参考答案
52--56 CDCBA
52.因果推断题。第二段开篇就描述了铁路合并支持者们认为合并有助于减少成本以及更好地合作服务，不用担心垄断，因为还有来自卡车等运输方式的强烈竞争，即“...these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.Any threat of monopoly，they argue，is removed by fierce competition from trucks。因此。正确答案为C项。
53.态度揣摩题。关于captive shipper文中提及很多次，多次表达了他们对铁路合并的态度，如“i)many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances， trucking is too costly;ii)Shippers who feel that they are being overcharged...iii)Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases;iv)Many captive shippers fear that they will，as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.”，总体而言，captive shippers是不满、抱怨、担忧和担心的态度，因此正确答案为D项。
54.推断题。由第三段“，..consolidation...means that most shippers are served by only one rail company...Shippers who feel that they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government...but the process is expensive，time consuming...”可见合并将会导致绝大部分shippers由一家rail company垄断(但不是所有的)，挨宰的人有权申诉但这一过程会耗费大量时间和金钱，所以他们一般不会诉诸法律，因此正确答案为C项。
55.词义推断题。由“arbiters”所在句Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace.可以猜测出arbiters的意思，因为他/她可以决定谁赢谁输，懂体育的人就很容易猜出大概是“裁判”的意思。
56.因果推断题。文章最后一段提到shippers担心会有新一轮rate增加，因为铁路运输尽管赚钱，但还不足以挽回所有合并成本以及投资成本来满足运输需求的大幅度增长。他们仍在不断借钱去合并，业务收入是运营成本的一半不到。这中间的赤字谁来买单呢? shippers。是什么原因导致rate增加呢?追根究底，还是合并惹的祸，故正确答案为A项。
