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2011考研英语阅读理解A部分命题的特点和规律(2)

2010-11-06 
读书人网站为您精心收集整理了2011考研英语命题的特点和规律,一共有六部分。非常难得的资料,希望大家好好利用,在2011考研中取得好成绩。

5主旨题的解题技巧

根据上述这四种情况,制定如下解题对策:

第一,因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题,所以在解答此类题时,考生不要急于去找答案,不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题后,无疑会有助于考生加深对整个文章的理解。

第二,看到文章主旨型题目,考生要着重理解首段或末段,同样,段落主旨题也要重视首末句。这是英语文章中出现中心思想最频繁的位置。

第三,文章主旨出现在中间的比较少见。这样的主旨句一般兼起承上启下的作用。遇到文章中前后段意思转折时,考生应该提高警惕,它往往是主旨所在。段落中情况也类似。

第四,如果文章中没有明确的主题句,主题思想要通过各段的主要内容进行归纳。这时考生就要着重看各段的首末句。试题中的Title 题也属于该种情况。考生必须通读全文,才能得出答案。

解题中还有一些具体实用的解题技巧:

首先,关于主题句的判断方法。第一,段落主题句的判断要看该段的第二句或第三句。如果它们是对第一句进行阐述,那么第一句就是主题句;如果是对第二句进行阐述,那第二句就是主题句;主题句也可能出现在末句。当最后一句是对全段进行总结时,该句就是主题句。对于主题句在句中的情况,当段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句。文章主旨所在段落的判断与此相同。第二,作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨。第三,首段出现疑问句时,该问题就是全文探讨的内容,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨。第四,作者提出文章主旨时,常常伴有文字提示,如thereforethusbuthoweverin short 等等。

其次,选项特点。正确选项特点:(1)不出现细节信息;(2)不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。干扰项特点:(1)一般以偏概全,只是文章的细枝末节,不能涵盖全文内容;(2)出现细节性的名词信息;(3)过于笼统。

(二)作者观点题和态度题

在一篇文章中,不管作者对某一观点是支持、反对还是中立,是同情、冷漠还是失望,是批评还是赞扬,主观还是客观,都表达了作者一定的观点和态度。只是这些观点态度的提出有的直截了当,有的隐含在字里行间,有的通过所用词语的褒贬来体现,有的则需要通读全文,把握主旨才能领会。一般情况下,所选的文章不带有强烈的感情色彩,因此不会引起太大的争议和分歧。

此类题型可细分为作者态度题(表明作者的好恶)和作者观点题(表明作者对某事物的观点)。题干中的关键词或词组有attitudeopiniontone等等。其命题模式如下。

1作者态度题

1What is the tone (mood) of the passage?

2The authors attitude towards...might be summarized as(seems to be)     .

 3Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards...?

4The author is most critical of     .

2作者观点题

1According to the author,     .

2In the authors opinion,     .

3What is the authors opinion (idea) about?

4The author thinks (believes, suggests, deems, asserts) that      .

 (5) In the authors eyes...

态度题的选项一般是形容词,按照作者对所阐述问题的态度进行分类,可以分为:

积极类:objective(客观的), impartial(公正的),helpful(有帮助的)positive(正确的),supporting(支持的)admiring(羡慕的)interesting(引起兴趣的)unbiased(没有偏见的),concerned(关心的),confident(自信的)impressive(给人印象深刻的),optimistic(乐观的)等;

中立类:detached(超然的), factual(实际的), indifferent(无关紧要的),impassive(冷漠的),uninterested(不感兴趣的),ambivalent(矛盾的),apathetic(无动于衷的),neutral(中立的,不确定的),impersonal(不带个人色彩的)等;

消极类:disgusting(令人厌恶的)critical(批评的)negative(否定的)intolerable(不能忍受的)disappointed(失望的)subjective(主观的),biased(有偏见的)doubtful(怀疑的)compromising(折中的),worried(担心的)pessimistic(悲观的),hostile(敌对的)等。

历年作者态度题:

年份

正确选项

干扰项

2007 Text 2

[B] skeptical(消极类)

[A] Supportive(积极类)

[C] Impartial(中立类)

[D] Biased(消极类)

2006 Text 2

[D]is sympathetic to the RSC(积极类)

[A] is supportive of both sides(积极类)

[B] favors the townsfolks view(积极类)

[C] takes a detached attitude(中立类)

2004 Text 4

[A] optimistic(积极类)

[B] Confused. (消极类)

[C] Carefree. (积极类)

[D] Panicked. (消极类)

2003 Text 4

[B] reserved consent(积极类)

[A] strong disapproval(消极类)

[C] slight contempt(消极类)

[D] enthusiastic support(积极类)

T2002 Text 3

[A] optimistic(积极类)

[B] sensitive (中立类)

[C] gloomy (消极类)

[D] scared(消极类)

2001 Passage 4

[B] objective (积极类)

[A] optimistic(积极类)

[C] pessimistic(消极类)

[D] biased(消极类)

3作者态度题的解题技巧

第一,某一事物是好是坏。作者对它是支持还是反对,态度都非常明确,而带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案。问作者对某事物的态度时,表示“客观”的词多为正确选项,如:objective, impartial, unbiased等;问作者对其提到的人们的观点的态度时,答案只能是肯定或否定,支持或反对。如:critical, approval, opposition, supporting等。

第二,既然写了文章,那么作者的态度就不可能漠不关心,因此见到indifferentuninterested这类词可以首先排除。

第三,注意不要把考生自己的好恶态度糅进其中,要注意区分作者本人的态度和作者引用的观点的态度。

第四,当作者的态度没有明确提出时,考生要学会根据作者使用的词语的褒贬性去判断作者态度,如:wonderful(y)successful(y)positive(ly)active(ly)negative(ly), unfortunate(ly), doubtful(ly)等。

Example

Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. Im not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how Id go, because Ive watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks, he says.1997 Passage 1

The authors attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of    .

[A] opposition                     [B] suspicion                [C] approval                 [D] indifference

作者通过living without the haunting fear of his suffering这一肯定性词语表达出自己的态度是[C] approval

解答态度观点题应注意两点:

第一,区别作者的态度与其他人的态度。问文中某人对某事物的态度一般归入事实细节题。

第二,选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的形容词,而改为带有程度限制的形容词。一般带有绝对化或过于强烈的表示态度的词必错,strong/complete/entire/enthusiastic等。而有保留的态度比较客观,因此常常是正确选项,如reserved(保留的)/qualified (有限制的,有条件的)/tempered (有所控制的)/guarded(慎重的)/consent (赞同)等。

4作者观点题的解题技巧

第一,文章陈述的内容并非都是作者的观点。作者引用别人的观点时,是作为支持或抨击的对象,因此别人的观点是为了证明作者观点的论据。

第二,作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联。

(三)词义/句意题

命制的试题中经常有要求考生对词语和句子做出解释的题目。两者都主要侧重于考查考生通过上下文去判断词义、句意的能力。词义题的考查有两种:一是超纲词含义的推断,另一个是熟词僻义或是在特定场合的意思。

1词义句意题命题模式

1The phrase (word, sentence) ... (in line...) most probably means     .

2By ..., the wrier (probably ) means     .

3What does the author probably mean by ... in... paragraph?

4The phrase (word, sentence) suggests     .

5From the passage,we can infer that the word ...is     .

6According to passage, what is ... ?

7When the author says that..., he means    .

2词义题的解题技巧

1)根据上下文进行推理猜测

考生必须明确,不管所考的词语有多超纲,都能够通过上下文得出其意思;不管这个词有多熟悉,都必须通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。在克服畏惧心理的同时,也要避免直接用自己熟悉的意义去解释词义。对句子的理解也要通过前后关联的句子进行推测。比如利用前后的比较对照关系、利用文中给出的定义或对它进行的重述、利用所举的例子进行归纳、利用同义/近义/反义词、利用特殊标点符号等等。

Example

We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.(1997 Passage 3)

The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean     .

[A] widespread             [B] overwhelming         [C] piercing           [D] fashionable

所要解释的词pervasive后有冒号,起解释说明的作用。因此通过冒号后的内容就可以知道该词的含义。作者在冒号后面列举了物质在日常生活的各个方面的使用,因此可推知[A]选项“分布广泛的,普遍的”为正确答案。

2)对超纲词含义的推断

生词是造成阅读困难的障碍之一。阅读短文中的词汇一般不超过大纲的词语范围,但也有5%左右的派生词和合成词,2%3%的超纲词。对于部分超纲而且专业性较强的词,在较早的几年里命题者还曾给出过其汉语意思,如:1991Passage 1中的chlorophyll(叶绿素)、carbohydrates(碳水化合物);1992Passage 2中的inertia(惯性),Passage 3中的hockey(曲棍球);1993Passage 1中的babbling(咿呀学语),Passage 2中的bureaucratic(官僚主义的),Passage 3中的monopoly(垄断);1994Passage 4中的pancreas(胰腺)、genes(基因),Passage 5中的mold(霉)。但是后来的命题趋势中取消了这种形式,其意图在于让考生更多地去猜测词语含义。其实很多短文中出现的超纲词汇并不影响对全文的理解,而且我们可以以下几种方法去猜测其含义。

①构词法:掌握常见的英语词根、词缀,通过分析生词的词根、前缀、后缀去推测词义。如:1996Passage 5中的nonfundamentalist(非原教旨主义 non-非,不;fundament基础,基本原理;-al 形容词后缀;-ist…主义者)。

②词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性,再看它与哪些词语可以搭配,最后根据自己的常识猜测其大概含义。

③找同义词、同义解释或反义词和反义解释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表达法,可能是近(反)义词、一个解释或一些暗示。

④找同位词:上下文中可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构,找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测。

考生可以适当记些词根词缀,以备不时之需。如:

geo-:前缀,表示“地球”,如:geography:地理学, 地理;geology:地质学 geophysic:地球物理学;

hydro- 前缀,表示“水”,“液体”,如:hydrobiology:水生物学;hydro-cooling:水冷法;hydro-mania:投水狂,自溺;hydroelectric:水电的;

over-:前缀,表示“越过,超过”,如:overcrowdedness:过于拥挤;overestimate:估计过高,过高评价;oversensitive:过于敏感;overplease:使过分高兴;overactive:过于活跃。

Example

Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—

Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate371 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.

Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 635 and 531 percent respectively.

Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 75 million peopleabout 9 per square mile.1998 Passage 4

The word “demographers” (line 1, paragraph 8) most probably means     .

[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy

[B] advocates of migration between states

[C] scientists engaged in the study of population

[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life

根据上下文demographers提到的两个例证都涉及人口,因此他们应该是 “人口统计研究方面的人”。[C]选项“研究人口的科学家,也就是人口统计学家”是该词的正确含义。同时,也可运用构词法的知识, demo=people, graph=write -er指人。因而猜出它指“记录人口方面数据的人”。

3)句意题解题技巧

 试题中出现句意题时,考生需要根据上下文的内容联系去猜测句意;或将所考的句子与它的上下文进行关系对照,找出它与上下文的关系,如转折、并列、递进、解释说明等,然后针对不同的关系,对上下文采取取非、找同义等方法进行解题。

 Example

It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas inflation rate would average 35% in 1995 In fact, it fell to 26% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the panover the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.1997 Passage 5

The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that.

[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time

[B] the inflation rate will soon rise

[C] the inflation will disappear quickly

[D] there is no inflation at present

此题需要根据上下文推测句意。在This is no flash in the pan之前,作者给出近来美国、英国和日本的通货膨胀率都低于经济学家预期的数字;之后又指出在过去的几年,英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预期的水平。由此可以推断,该句意思是“并非一时现象,并非是昙花一现”。 [A]选项“低通货膨胀率将会持续一段时间”符合题意。

4)选项特点

正确选项特点:第一,词义题中,不是熟词的常规含义。第二,句意题中,正确选项不含有意义过于绝对化的词语,而是使用不肯定语气词或意义解释深刻。

Example

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,  that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.1994 Passage 1

In line 8,paragraph 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means    .

[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes

[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased

[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

[A][B]选项都使用了带有绝对意义的词语,如never overstate因此可直接排除。[C][D]意义相近,但是[D]的意义更为深刻,因此可知[D]为答案。而且,此处的income不是常规词义“收入”,而是“收入的购买力”,故不可选答案[C]

干扰项特点:第一,与所考词汇形似。第二,如果考的是熟词,含有常规词义的一般是错误选项。第三,根据命题原则,正确选项不会使用与原文过多相同的字眼,因此,对句子的解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一定是错误的。