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Jumps play a big role in many styles of dancing. Generally, what makes a jump impressive is its hand time, the amount of time a dancer spends in the air.
The quest for greater hand time is a battle against gravity, the constant ____1____ pull of Earth, said Laws. To leave the ground at all, a dancer has to use leg muscles to create and upward push that is greater than Earth's downward pull. But the final ____2____ of any jump depends on just one thing; the upward speed of the body just as the dancer leaves the ground.
Strengthening muscles so they can push harder is1 one obvious _____3____ to achieve higher jumps and increase hang time. But ballet dancers also use a simple trick to gain the illusion of staying in the air longer without actually doing so.
In a huge sideways jump called a grand jete, a ____4____ ballet dancer seems to float for an impossible length of time. Of course, a dancer can't really hang in the air. The laws of physics decree that during any jump, a dancer's center of gravity must follow a parabola. A parabola is the same ____5_____ path a ball takes when you throw it into the air. So how do dancers make it look like they're hanging in the air?
A dancer_____6____ the illusion of floating in the air by lifting her legs and arms as she approaches the peak of the jump. The _______7____of her body—her torso and her head—respond by sinking a bit. If her timing is just right, she'll seem to float sideways, instead of rising and falling. The effect is not only beautiful; it ____8____ makes the jump seem bigger by “stretching out” the peak.
Of course, what goes up must come down. During a typical grand jete, a dancer's center of gravity rises 2 feet _____9____ the ground. Pulled by gravity from such a height, the dancer's body falls very fast—roughly 3.4 meters per second—by the time it reaches the floor.
As it falls, the body carries with it momentum. Momentum is the weight of the body multiplied by its ______10______. The bigger the body is and the faster it falls, the greater its momentum.
The only way a dancer can stop dropping through the air is by stopping the body's momentum2, which requires an ______11_____ force from the ground. Landing can be very jarring to a dancer3 and can ______12_____ injuries. The dancer can ease the landing by bending her knees and letting her arms fall, but she also gets help from an unexpected source: the floor. Wooden dance floors are designed to act ____13___shock absorbers. They are springy and can recoil as much as an inch under extreme pressure. That little bit of give makes a big _____14____. Landing on a springy floor, the dancer undergoes a slower change in momentum than she would hitting a rigid floor. The give in the floor allows the decrease in momentum to happen more ____15____—with less force and less chance of injury.
1. A) parallelly B) upward C) sideways D) downward
2. A) center B) height C) weight D) bredth
3. A) street B) road C) way D) path
4. A) skillful B) beautiful C) careful D) meaningful
5. A) smooth B) short C) curved D) straight
6. A) changes B) uses C) inspects D) creates
7. A) force B) movement C) pull D) rest
8. A) too B) also C) yet D) so
9. A) off B) out of C) along D) onto
10. A) temperature B) speed C) moisture D) time
11. A) rising B) falling C) opposing D) responding
12. A) increase B) cure C) remove D) cause
13. A) like B) love C) protect D) cancel
14. A) sameness B) resemblance C) difference D) nearness
15. A) gradually B) strongly C) spontaneously D) incidentally
