B
l because/since/as/for? 这四个词都是表示原因或理由的连接词,但是as,because,since是从属连词,引导原因状语从句,for是并列连词,所引导的不是原因状语从句,而是表示理由的对等句子,是对前面所讲内容补充和说明。在语气上由强至弱依次为because→since→as→for。because引导的从句多置于句末,表示直接的原因或理由,表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系,在回答why的提问时,必须用because作答。
如:We stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨我们呆在家里。
? as与since引导的从句多置于句首,不过as表示十分明显的原因,只说明一般的因果关系,可译为“因为、由于”;而since则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因,一般可译为“既然”。如:
As he was not feeling well,I decided to go there alone.由于他身体欠佳,我决定独自去那里。
Since everyone is here,let's start.既然大家都到了,咱们就开始吧。
? for引导的从句一般放在句末,其前用逗号,它所叙述的理由是间接的,即推测性理由,或是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。如:
There must be nobody in the classroom,for the light is off.
教室里一定没有人,因为灯灭了。(推测性理由)
l believe;believe in
? believe作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示“相信”;后接从句或复合宾语时,表示“认为;料想;相信”等。如:
I believe what he says.我相信他的话。
I believe that he will succeed.我相信他会成功的。
? believe in 是一个动介型短语动词,表示“信奉;信仰”(指对某种思想、主张、观念、行动具有信心)和“信任(have trust in)”。如:
They believe in God.他们信仰上帝。
I believe in having plenty of exercise.我相信多锻炼有好处。
? believe和believe in后均可接表示人的名词或代词,但含义不同。试比较:
I believe in him(I think he is a frustworthy man).我信任他。
I believe him.(I believe what he says).我相信他的话。
l belief faith trust confidence 都含有“相信”的意思。
? belief 指“承认某事是真的, 尽管有或没有确凿的证据”, 如:
belief in ghosts. 相信有鬼。
? faith 指“认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信”, 如:
I have faith in his ability to succeed. 我相信他有成功的能力。
? trust 指“信赖”、“信任”, 含有“坚定的信念”的意思, 如:
enjoy the trust of the people 得到人民的信任。
? confidence 指“在有证据的基础上相信”, 也常指“自信”、“有把握”, 如:
She has great confidence in her success. 她对自己的成功充满信心。
l besides;except;but
? 三者都可以用作介词。用于肯定句中时,except/but意为“除……外(不再有)”;besides意为“除……外(还有)”。请比较:
All of them have seen the film except/but Wu Dong. 除了吴东外,他们都看过了那部影片。
All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong. 除了吴东看过那部影片外,他们也都看过了。
? except后接名词、代词、-ing或不定式时,可以与but互换;except后接副词、介词短语时,一般不能为but所替换。如:
I’ll do everything except/but cook. 除了做饭,我什么事情都干。
This window is never opened except in summer. 除了在夏天,这个窗子从不打开。
? 用在否定句中,三者可以互换。如:
There aren’t any other people to do the work except/but/besides you.
除了你,没人能做这工作。
l be anxious to; be anxious for; be anxious about ;be anxious that? be anxious to表示“急于”、“渴望”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形;
? be anxious for表示“渴望”,后面接名词或代词时,强调渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事;后面接sb.to do sth.时,表示“渴望某人能做某事”,其中for sb.to do sth.是不定式复合结构。
? be anxious about 表示“对…感到不安”、“为…担心”、“为…忧虑”;? be anxious that表示“渴望”,后面接从句,that从句的谓语动词须用虚拟语气;
[EXERCISES]
①I ____ the result of the examination.
②We ____ know the result of the examination.
③We ____ Mr Liu to help us with our English.
④Mr Li ____ a new car.
⑤They ____ arrive home before dark.
(Key: ①am anxious about/for ②are anxious to ③are anxious for ④is anxious for ⑤are anxious to)
1) The girl ____ a new dictionary. 2) All the students ____ their results of this examination. 3) Everyone _____ know their results of the competition. 4) We ___Mr Zhao to return. 5) We _____ she should do her best.
Key: 1) was/is anxious for 2) are anxious about 3) is anxious to 4)are anxious for
5) are anxious that
l be known as; be known for; be known to; be known in
? be known as 意为“作为……而著名”,其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如:
Liu Huan is known as a singer.刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。
We’re sure you’ll be well-known as an artist.我们相信你会成为一位著名的画家。
? be known for 意为“因……而著名”,其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如:
Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers.桂林因其美丽的山水而闻名。
Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day.
盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。
? be known to “为……所了解/知道”,其后接表示人的词语。“(人们都)知道”,其后接动词原形。如:
He is known to all in our village.村子里的人都了解他。
He was known to have invented many things.=It was known that he had invented many things.
人们都知道他已经发明了很多东西。
? be known in 意为“在某地很著名”。如:
He is well-known in the town where he was born. 他在自己出生的那个镇子上很出名。
l be made of/be made in/be made from/be made by/be made up of ? be made of表示“由……制成”,指从原料到制成品,只发生了形状变化,没有发生本质变化(属物理变化)。 ? be made in当后面接时间的数词或名词时,表示“某物何时制造的或何时产的”。当后面接指地点的名词时,表示“某地产某物”。 ? be made from表示“由……制成”,指从原料到制成品,发生了质的变化,已无法复原(属化学变化)。 ? be made by表示“由……制做”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调动作的执行者。 ? be made up of表示“由……构成(组成)”,强调主语由两部分或两个以上的部分构成或组成。 【练习】用be made in,be made of,be made from,be made by或be made up of填空。 ①This bike Tianjin. ②This table wood. ③The car 1999. ④Paper wood. ⑤The kite my mother. ⑥The team ten members. 【Keys】was made in; is made of ;was made in ;is made from;was made by;is made up ofl be used for/be used as/be used by ? be used for表示“被用作……”或“被用来作……”,后面接名词或v-ing,其中for表示目的。 ? be used as表示“作为……而用”或“用作……”,后面接名词或动词不定式,强调使用的工具及手段。 ? be used by表示“由……使用”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调使用者。 【练习】用be used for,be used as或be used by填空。 ①A telephone better communication(交流). ②The motorbike Liu Ming. ③A ruler often a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open. 【Keys】is used for;is used by;is,used as
l be pleased with; be pleased at(或about);be pleased to
1) The manager ___ you before.
2) My boss must ___ see you again in HongKong.
3) I ___ seeing so many students present.
4) I hear Mr Zhao ___ your article.
析: ①was pleased with。表示“对……满意;喜欢……”后面通常接指人的名词或代词。 ②be pleased to。表示“很高兴或很乐意做某事”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形。 ③am pleased at(或about)。be pleased at(或about)表示“对(看到或听到的)事感到高兴,”后面接指事的名词或v-ing。 ④is pleased at(或about)。解析同③。
l be to do sth;be about to do sth;be going to do sth.
? be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,后可跟时间状语。如:
You're to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.十点钟以前你得交上试卷。
? be about to do sth.表示打算或安排即将发生的动作,它通常不与时间状语连用。如:
I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door.我正要出去,这时有人敲门。
? be going to do sth.有三层含义:
①表示打算、计划或决定要做某事。如:
We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this year. 今年我们打算到威尔士度假。
②用以表示某事物即将发生或很可能发生。如:
I'm going to be twenty next month. 下个月我就二十岁了。
③有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。如:
Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a storm. 瞧那些乌云,暴风雨就要来了。
l beat; strike; hit
? strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”,不一定都是有意的;还有“打动、使……着迷、某种想法突然闪现在脑海里”的含义;也可指“打、擦出(火),(蛇、兽)抓,咬,或(钟)敲响”。
? hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”,“敲打或打击对方的某一点”。
? beat着重“连续地打击”。如:殴打或体罚;也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方;也指“心跳”。
l blame; scold
blame“责备;责怪”,指某人应对自己不好的行为负责(常与for连用),或将某件不好的事情归咎于他人(常与on或upon连用),往往含有把自己当作评判人来评判某事,没有用言语来进行责骂的意思。例如:
He blamed Tom for the failure. 他责怪汤姆造成了失败。
Don't blame it on him, but on me. 别怪他,该怪我。
? scold“责骂”,指唠唠叨叨地数说某人,多用于上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的“责骂”。例如:
Don't scold the child.It's not his fault. 不要责骂那孩子,这不是他的过失。
I hate to scold, son, but you mustn't stay out so late at night.
我不喜欢斥责,孩子,可你不该呆在外面那么晚不回家。
l blow down; blow in; blow off; blow over ? blow down表示“吹倒”、“刮倒”;blow in表示“吹进”、“吹入”;blow off表示“吹掉”、“炸掉”、“发泄”;blow over表示“暴风雨吹散”、“过去”、“结束”。
[EXERCISES]
1) The high winds yesterday _____ thousands of trees. 2) We sometimes had quarrels, but they soon _____. 3) I had my hat ____ by the wind. 4) A lot of dust ____.You must clear it away. Key: 1) blew down 2) blew over 3) blown off 4) has blown in
l break up; break down; break out; break into; break in; break away; break through
? break up表示“打碎”、“变坏”、“分解”、“终止”、“破裂”。
? break down表示“瓦解”、“分解”、“失败”、“出故障”、“破坏”、“拆毁”。
? break out表示“爆发”、“突然发生”。
? break into表示“强行进入”、“闯入”、“破门而入”、“打断(谈话、讨论)”、“突然……起来”。
? break in表示“闯入”、“打断”、“插嘴”,其中in是副词。
? break away表示“脱逃”、“脱离”、“突然离开”、“革除”、“戒除”,常与from连用。
? break through表示“战胜”、“突围”、“穿过……而出现”、“突破”。
[练]
①He said his computer _____.
②Those old cars will be ____ for scrap(废铁).
③Last night somebody ____ Mr Brown's house and took away many things.
④A fire ____ after we had gone home.
⑤The boy often ____ while his parents are speaking.
⑥You must ____ from bad habits.
⑦After the heavy rain the sun ____ the clouds.
⑧A thief ____ and stole a lot of things last night.
⑨Tom ____the motor bike which he bought five years ago.
⑩The ice began to ____ on the river.
(Key:①had broken down ②broken up ③broke into ④broke out ⑤breaks in
⑥break away ⑦broke through ⑧broke in ⑨broke down ⑩break up)
l bring on;bring in;bring out
? bring on 使发生;引起;端上(饭菜)。如:
Tom often brings on meals and his brother,Jim picks up the dishes after meals.
汤姆常常端上饭菜,(而)他弟弟吉姆饭后收拾碗碟。
The sudden cold weather brought on his cold again. 天气突然变冷,使他再次感冒。
? bring in 引来;引进;吸收。如:
His new business brings in 1,000 dollars. 他的新生意使他赚了一千美元。
We also brought in some words from English. 我们也从英语中吸收了一些词汇。
? bring out 取出;说出;阐明;出版。如:
He brought out his gun and pointed at me.他掏出枪来指着我。
Bring out the meaning more clearly.请把意思讲清楚些。
They have brought out a set of children’s books.他们出版了一套儿童读物。
l bring down; bring back; bring up; bring in ? bring down表示“使倒下”、“减少”、“降低(价格、温度)”;? bring back表示“使回想起”、“归还”、“带回来”;? bring up表示“呕吐出”、“养育”;? bring in表示“把......引进来”、“赚入”、“获利”、“把......拿进来”、“吸收”。
[EXERCISES]
1) Her singing _____ memories of my mother. 2) They also ____ some words from their own languages. 3) The wind ____ a number of trees. 4) He _____ all he had eaten. 5) Can you try to get them to ____ the price﹖ 6) All library books must be ____ before June 25. 7) Mr White ____ $500 a week. 8) You must manage to _____ the temperature. Key: 1) brings back 2) brought in 3) brought down 4) brought up 5) bring down 6) brought back 7) is bringing in 8) bring down
l broad; wide
? 两者都表示两边或两点之间的距离都有“宽的”之意, 但broad着重某物覆盖面的范围 (如肩、背、胸等的宽),还可表示“宽宏大量”;wide着重指边沿间相隔的距离以及“广泛”之意。如:
Looking at the new-type camera, the young man with broad shoulders was surprised with his mouth wide open.
看着那个新型相机,那个肩宽背阔的年轻人惊奇得张大了嘴巴。
He’s a broad-minded person; he’ll never be disappointed by such a small failure.
他是个心胸宽广的人;决不会因为那么一次小小的失败而感到失望。
l but/however? 这两个连词都有“但是,可是,然而”之意。but连接两个分句或有关部分,表示转折或逻辑上的对比关系,使用最广,口语中更为常见。如:
We love peace but we are not afraid of war.我们热爱和平,但我们并不害怕战争。
? however转折意味比but弱,连接的两个分句或有关部分的关系较为松弛,后一部分常起附带说明或衬托作用。however常以插入语形式出现在句子中间,前后用逗号隔开,也可置于句首或句末。如:
Later,however,he decided to go.可是后来他决定去了。
l by oneself;oneself
? by oneself=alone,without help。强调“在无他人或他物的情况下”或“无帮助的情况下”;
? oneself作同位语,表示强调本人。
试比较:
If you come to my house,I’ll cook for you myself.
如果你来我家,我将亲自下厨。(强调亲手为你做饭)
Can you cook by yourself now? 你现在能单独做饭了吗?(强调无他人协作)
l by sea;by the sea
? by sea意为“走海路;坐轮船”,其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式,by与名词间不可用冠词;by the sea意为“在海边”,其中by表示“在……旁边”,by与后面的名词间常有冠词修饰。如:
They will go to America by sea. 他们将坐轮船去美国。
There is a small village by the sea.海边有个小村庄。
请比较下面类似有这样区别的短语:
by ship 乘船 by a ship 在一艘轮船旁边
by land 从陆路 by the land 在岸边(在陆地旁边)
by taxi 乘出租车 by the taxi 在出租车旁边
by road 从陆路 by the road 在路边