基本信息·出版社：人民邮电出版社 ·页码：537 页 ·出版日期：2008年02月 ·ISBN：9787115172259 ·条形码：9787115172259 ·版本：第1版 ·装帧：平装 ...
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基本信息·出版社：人民邮电出版社
·页码：537 页
·出版日期：2008年02月
·ISBN：9787115172259
·条形码：9787115172259
·版本：第1版
·装帧：平装
·开本：16
·正文语种：英语
内容简介 本书是一部全面易懂的嵌入式Linux开发实用指南。主要内容包括：处理器基础、Linux内核、内核初始化、系统初始化、Bootloader、设备驱动基础、文件系统、MTD子系统、BusyBox、嵌入式开发环境、开发工具、内核调试技术、调试嵌入式Linux应用程序、Linux与实时等。
本书适合有一定的C语言编程基础，对本地局域网和互连网有基本了解的嵌入式开发人员和工程师阅读。
目录 Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Why Linux? 2
1.2 Embedded Linux Today 3
1.3 Open Source and the GPL 3
1.3.1 Free Versus Freedom 4
1.4 Standards and Relevant Bodies 5
1.4.1 Linux Standard Base 5
1.4.2 Open Source Development Labs 5
1.5 Chapter Summary 7
1.5.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 7
Chapter 2 Your First Embedded Experience 9
2.1 Embedded or Not? 10
2.1.1 BIOS Versus Bootloader 11
2.2 Anatomy of an Embedded System 12
2.2.1 Typical Embedded Linux Setup 14
2.2.2 Starting the Target Board 15
2.2.3 Booting the Kernel 16
2.2.4 Kernel Initialization: Overview 17
2.2.5 First User Space Process: init 19
2.3 Storage Considerations 19
2.3.1 Flash Memory 20
2.3.2 NAND Flash 22
2.3.3 Flash Usage 23
2.3.4 Flash File Systems 24
2.3.5 Memory Space 25
2.3.6 Execution Contexts 26
2.3.7 Process Virtual Memory 28
2.3.8 Cross-Development Environment 30
2.4 Embedded Linux Distributions 32
2.4.1 Commercial Linux Distributions 33
2.4.2 Do-It-Yourself Linux Distributions 34
2.5 Chapter Summary 34
2.5.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 35
Chapter 3 Processor Basics 37
3.1 Stand-alone Processors 38
3.1.1 IBM 970FX 39
3.1.2 Intel Pentium M 39
3.1.3 Freescale MPC7448 40
3.1.4 Companion Chipsets 41
3.2 Integrated Processors: Systems on Chip 43
3.2.1 PowerPC 44
3.2.2 AMCC PowerPC 44
3.2.3 Freescale PowerPC 47
3.2.4 MIPS 52
3.2.5 Broadcom MIPS 53
3.2.6 AMD MIPS 55
3.2.7 Other MIPS 56
3.2.8 ARM 56
3.2.9 TI ARM 56
3.2.10 Freescale ARM 58
3.2.11 Intel ARM XScale 59
3.2.12 Other ARM 60
3.2.13 Other Architectures 60
3.3 Hardware Platforms 61
3.3.1 CompactPCI 61
3.3.2 ATCA 61
3.4 Chapter Summary 62
3.4.1 Suggestions For Additional Reading 63
Chapter 4 The Linux Kernel——A Different Perspective 65
4.1 Background 66
4.1.1 Kernel Versions 67
4.1.2 Kernel Source Repositories 69
4.2 Linux Kernel Construction 70
4.2.1 Top-Level Source Directory 70
4.2.2 Compiling the Kernel 71
4.2.3 The Kernel Proper: vmlinux 73
4.2.4 Kernel Image Components 75
4.2.5 Subdirectory Layout 79
4.3 Kernel Build System 79
4.3.1 The Dot-Config 80
4.3.2 Configuration Editor(s) 82
4.3.3 Makefile Targets 85
4.3.4 Kernel Configuration 88
4.3.5 Custom Configuration Options 90
4.3.6 Kernel Makefiles 94
4.3.7 Kernel Documentation 95
4.4 Obtaining a Linux Kernel 96
4.4.1 What Else Do I Need? 96
4.5 Chapter Summary 97
4.5.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 98
Chapter 5 Kernel Initialization 99
5.1 Composite Kernel Image: Piggy and Friends 100
5.1.1 The Image Object 103
5.1.2 Architecture Objects 104
5.1.3 Bootstrap Loader 105
5.1.4 Boot Messages 106
5.2 Initialization Flow of Control 109
5.2.1 Kernel Entry Point: head.o 111
5.2.2 Kernel Startup: main.c 113
5.2.3 Architecture Setup 114
5.3 Kernel Command Line Processing 114
5.3.1 The __setup Macro 116
5.4 Subsystem Initialization 121
5.4.1 The *__initcall Macros 122
5.5 The init Thread 123
5.5.1 Initialization via initcalls 125
5.5.2 Final Boot Steps 126
5.6 Chapter Summary 128
5.6.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 128
Chapter 6 System Initialization 129
6.1 Root File System 130
6.1.1 FHS: File System Hierarchy Standard 131
6.1.2 File System Layout 131
6.1.3 Minimal File System 132
6.1.4 The Root FS Challenge 134
6.1.5 Trial-and-Error Method 135
6.1.6 Automated File System Build Tools 135
6.2 Kernel’s Last Boot Steps 136
6.2.1 First User Space Program 137
6.2.2 Resolving Dependencies 138
6.2.3 Customized Initial Process 138
6.3 The Init Process 139
6.3.1 inittab 142
6.3.2 Example Web Server Startup Script 144
6.4 Initial RAM Disk 145
6.4.1 Initial RAM Disk Purpose 146
6.4.2 Booting with initrd 146
6.4.3 Bootloader Support for initrd 147
6.4.4 initrd Magic: linuxrc 149
6.4.5 The initrd Plumbing 150
6.4.6 Building an initrd Image 151
6.5 Using initramfs 152
6.6 Shutdown 153
6.7 Chapter Summary 154
6.7.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 155
Chapter 7 Bootloaders 157
7.1 Role of a Bootloader 158
7.2 Bootloader Challenges 159
7.2.1 DRAM Controller 159
7.2.2 Flash Versus RAM 160
7.2.3 Image Complexity 160
7.2.4 Execution Context 163
7.3 A Universal Bootloader: Das U-Boot 164
7.3.1 System Configuration: U-Boot 164
7.3.2 U-Boot Command Sets 167
7.3.3 Network Operations 167
7.3.4 Storage Subsystems 170
7.3.5 Booting from Disk: U-Boot 171
7.4 Porting U-Boot 172
7.4.1 EP405 U-Boot Port 172
7.4.2 U-Boot Makefile Configuration Target 174
7.4.3 EP405 Processor Initialization 174
7.4.4 Board-Specific Initialization 177
7.4.5 Porting Summary 180
7.4.6 U-Boot Image Format 181
7.5 Other Bootloaders 183
7.5.1 Lilo 183
7.5.2 GRUB 184
7.5.3 Still More Bootloaders 186
7.6 Chapter Summary 186
7.6.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 187
Chapter 8 Device Driver Basics 189
8.1 Device Driver Concepts 190
8.1.1 Loadable Modules 191
8.1.2 Device Driver Architecture 192
8.1.3 Minimal Device Driver Example 192
8.1.4 Module Build Infrastructure 193
8.1.5 Installing Your Device Driver 197
8.1.6 Loading Your Module 198
8.2 Module Utilities 199
8.2.1 insmod 199
8.2.2 Module Parameters 199
8.2.3 lsmod 201
8.2.4 modprobe 201
8.2.5 depmod 203
8.2.6 rmmod 203
8.2.7 modinfo 204
8.3 Driver Methods 205
8.3.1 Driver File System Operations 205
8.3.2 Device Nodes and mknod 208
8.4 Bringing It All Together 209
8.5 Device Drivers and the GPL 211
8.6 Chapter Summary 211
8.6.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 212
Chapter 9 File Systems 213
9.1 Linux File System Concepts 214
9.1.1 Partitions 214
9.2 ext2 216
9.2.1 Mounting a File System 218
9.2.2 Checking File System Integrity 219
9.3 ext3 221
9.4 ReiserFS 224
9.5 JFFS2 225
9.6 cramfs 228
9.7 Network File System 230
9.7.1 Root File System on NFS 232
9.8 Pseudo File Systems 234
9.8.1 Proc File System 234
9.8.2 sysfs 238
9.9 Other File Systems 240
9.10 Building a Simple File System 242
9.11 Chapter Summary 243
9.11.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 244
Chapter 10 MTD Subsystem 247
10.1 Enabling MTD Services 248
10.1.1 Building MTD 250
10.2 MTD Basics 251
10.2.1 Configuring MTD 253
10.3 MTD Partitions 253
10.3.1 Redboot Partition Table Partitioning 255
10.3.2 Kernel Command Line Partitioning 259
10.3.3 Mapping Driver 260
10.3.4 Flash Chip Drivers 262
10.3.5 Board-Specific Initialization 263
10.4 MTD Utilities 265
10.4.1 JFFS2 Root File System 268
10.5 Chapter Summary 270
10.5.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 271
Chapter 11 BusyBox 273
11.1 Introduction to BusyBox 274
11.1.1 BusyBox is Easy 275
11.2 BusyBox Configuration 275
11.2.1 Cross-Compiling BusyBox 277
11.3 BusyBox Operation 278
11.3.1 BusyBox Init 281
11.3.2 Example rcS Initialization Script 283
11.3.3 BusyBox Target Installation 284
11.3.4 BusyBox Commands 286
11.4 Chapter Summary 288
11.4.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 288
Chapter 12 Embedded Development Environment 289
12.1 Cross-Development Environment 290
12.1.1 “Hello World”——Embedded 291
12.2 Host System Requirements 295
12.2.1 Hardware Debug Probe 296
12.3 Hosting Target Boards 296
12.3.1 TFTP Server 296
12.3.2 BOOTP/DHCP Server 298
12.3.3 NFS Server 300
12.3.4 Target NFS Root Mount 302
12.3.5 U-Boot NFS Root Mount Example 304
12.4 Chapter Summary 306
12.4.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 307
Chapter 13 Development Tools 309
13.1 GNU Debugger (GDB) 310
13.1.1 Debugging a Core Dump 311
13.1.2 Invoking GDB 313
13.1.3 Debug Session in GDB 315
13.2 Data Display Debugger 317
13.3 cbrowser/cscope 319
13.4 Tracing and Profiling Tools 321
13.4.1 strace 321
13.4.2 strace Variations 325
13.4.3 ltrace 327
13.4.4 ps 328
13.4.5 top 330
13.4.6 mtrace 332
13.4.7 dmalloc 334
13.4.8 Kernel Oops 337
13.5 Binary Utilities 340
13.5.1 readelf 340
13.5.2 Examining Debug Info Using readelf 342
13.5.3 objdump 344
13.5.4 objcopy 345
13.6 Miscellaneous Binary Utilities 346
13.6.1 strip 346
13.6.2 addr2line 346
13.6.3 strings 347
13.6.4 ldd 347
13.6.5 nm 348
13.6.6 prelink 349
13.7 Chapter Summary 349
13.7.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 350
Chapter 14 Kernel Debugging Techniques 351
14.1 Challenges to Kernel Debugging 352
14.2 Using KGDB for Kernel Debugging 353
14.2.1 KGDB Kernel Configuration 355
14.2.2 Target Boot with KGDB Support 355
14.2.3 Useful Kernel Breakpoints 358
14.3 Debugging the Linux Kernel 360
14.3.1 gdb Remote Serial Protocol 361
14.3.2 Debugging Optimized Kernel Code 364
14.3.3 gdb User-Defined Commands 369
14.3.4 Useful Kernel gdb Macros 370
14.3.5 Debugging Loadable Modules 378
14.3.6 printk Debugging 383
14.3.7 Magic SysReq Key 384
14.4 Hardware-Assisted Debugging 385
14.4.1 Programming Flash Using a JTAG Probe 387
14.4.2 Debugging with a JTAG Probe 389
14.5 When It Doesn’t Boot 392
14.5.1 Early Serial Debug Output 393
14.5.2 Dumping the printk Log Buffer 394
14.5.3 KGDB on Panic 396
14.6 Chapter Summary 397
14.6.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 398
Chapter 15 Debugging Embedded Linux Applications 399
15.1 Target Debugging 400
15.2 Remote (Cross) Debugging 400
15.2.1 gdbserver 403
15.3 Debugging with Shared Libraries 405
15.3.1 Shared Library Events in GDB 407
15.4 Debugging Multiple Tasks 411
15.4.1 Debugging Multiple Processes 411
15.4.2 Debugging Multithreaded Applications 414
15.4.3 Debugging Bootloader/Flash Code 417
15.5 Additional Remote Debug Options 417
15.5.1 Debugging via Serial Port 418
15.5.2 Attaching to a Running Process 418
15.6 Chapter Summary 419
15.6.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 419
Chapter 16 Porting Linux 421
16.1 Linux Source Organization 422
16.1.1 The Architecture Branch 422
16.2 Custom Linux for Your Board 424
16.2.1 Prerequisites and Assumptions 426
16.2.2 Customizing Kernel Initialization 427
16.2.3 Static Kernel Command Line 429
16.3 Platform Initialization 431
16.3.1 Early Variable Access 435
16.3.2 Board Information Structure 436
16.3.3 Machine-Dependent Calls 438
16.4 Putting It All Together 439
16.4.1 Other Architectures 442
16.5 Chapter Summary 442
16.5.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 443
Chapter 17 Linux and Real Time 445
17.1 What Is Real Time? 446
17.1.1 Soft Real Time 446
17.1.2 Hard Real Time 446
17.1.3 Linux Scheduling 447
17.1.4 Latency 447
17.2 Kernel Preemption 449
17.2.1 Impediments to Preemption 449
17.2.2 Preemption Models 451
17.2.3 SMP Kernel 452
17.2.4 Sources of Preemption Latency 453
17.3 Real-Time Kernel Patch 453
17.3.1 Real-Time Features 455
17.3.2 O(1) Scheduler 458
17.3.3 Creating a Real-Time Process 458
17.3.4 Critical Section Management 459
17.4 Debugging the Real-Time Kernel 460
17.4.1 Soft Lockup Detection 460
17.4.2 Preemption Debugging 461
17.4.3 Debug Wakeup Timing 461
17.4.4 Wakeup Latency History 462
17.4.5 Interrupt Off Timing 462
17.4.6 Interrupt Off History 462
17.4.7 Latency Tracing 464
17.4.8 Debugging Deadlock Conditions 466
17.4.9 Runtime Control of Locking Mode 467
17.5 Chapter Summary 467
17.5.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 467
Appendix A: GNU Public License 469
Appendix B: U-Boot Configurable Commands 479
Appendix C: BusyBox Commands 483
Appendix D: SDRAM Interface Considerations 491
D.1 SDRAM Basics 492
D.1.1 SDRAM Refresh 493
D.2 Clocking 494
D.3 SDRAM Setup 495
D.4 Summary 500
D.4.1 Suggestions for Additional Reading 500
Appendix E: Open Source Resources 501
Appendix F: Sample BDI-2000 Configuration File 505
Index 513
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